FUSC

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  • Amendment XXXI

    Separation of Powers Enforcement

    Section 1. No President shall impound, rescind, defer, or otherwise refuse to spend funds appropriated by Congress except as expressly authorized by law passed by two-thirds of both Houses.

    Section 2. No executive order, proclamation, or directive shall supersede, nullify, or functionally repeal any law enacted by Congress. Any such order shall be subject to judicial review and shall be void if found to contravene an act of Congress.

    Section 3. The President shall not reorganize, abolish, or substantially reduce the workforce of any executive agency created by statute without prior authorization by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress.

    Section 4. Emergency powers invoked by the President shall expire after sixty days unless reauthorized by a majority vote of both Houses. No single national emergency declaration may remain in effect for more than one year in total without reauthorization.

    Section 5. Congress shall have standing in federal court to challenge any executive action alleged to violate this article or any other provision of this Constitution.

  • Amendment XXX

    Legislative Integrity and Anti-Gerrymandering

    Section 1. Congressional districts in each State shall be drawn by an independent, nonpartisan redistricting commission. No State legislature, governor, or officer of a political party shall serve on or direct such commission.

    Section 2. Each commission shall consist of an equal number of members registered with the two largest political parties and an equal or greater number of members registered with no political party, selected through a transparent public process established by Congress.

    Section 3. Districts shall be contiguous, shall preserve existing political subdivisions where practicable, shall be substantially equal in population, and shall not be drawn with the intent or effect of favoring any political party, incumbent, or candidate.

    Section 4. Any citizen may bring an action in federal court to challenge a redistricting plan. Courts shall apply strict scrutiny to any plan that produces a partisan outcome disproportionate to statewide voter registration by more than five percentage points.

    Section 5. Congress shall establish a Federal Redistricting Standards Commission to promulgate rules and hear appeals within two years of ratification of this article.

  • How to Amend the U.S. Constitution

    Amending the U.S. Constitution

    The Constitution can be amended through two stages: proposal and ratification. There are multiple pathways for each.

    Stage 1: Proposal (choose one method)

    • Congressional proposal — Both the House of Representatives and the Senate must approve the proposed amendment by a two-thirds supermajority vote in each chamber. This is the only method used so far for all 27 amendments.
    • Constitutional Convention — Two-thirds of state legislatures (34 states) can call for a national convention to propose amendments. This method has never been used.

    Stage 2: Ratification (choose one method)

    • State legislatures — Three-fourths of all states (currently 38 of 50) must ratify the amendment through their state legislatures. This is the most common method.
    • State conventions — Three-fourths of states ratify through specially convened state conventions. This has only been used once — to ratify the 21st Amendment (repealing Prohibition) in 1933.

    Additional notes

    • Congress chooses which ratification method will be used.
    • There is no set time limit for ratification unless Congress specifies one (though a 7-year deadline is commonly attached).
    • The President has no formal role — the President cannot veto a constitutional amendment.
    • Once ratified, an amendment becomes part of the Constitution and cannot be struck down by the Supreme Court (though it can be repealed by a subsequent amendment, as was done with the 18th Amendment).
    • The process is intentionally difficult to ensure broad consensus before fundamental law is changed.

  • Amendment XXIX

    Direct Presidential Election Act

    Section 1. The President and Vice President shall be elected by the direct popular vote of qualified voters throughout the United States. The candidates receiving the greatest number of votes shall be elected, provided they receive no less than forty percent of the total votes cast.

    Section 2. If no candidates receive forty percent of the total votes, a runoff election shall be held within sixty days between the two candidates who received the highest number of votes in the general election.

    Section 3. The Twelfth Amendment, and all provisions of Article II establishing the Electoral College, are hereby repealed. Electors, the College of Electors, and all related offices are abolished.

    Section 4. Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation and shall establish uniform national standards for the administration of presidential elections.